Neuromodulation in Primary Headaches

Neuroimaging in Migraine Metric-Based Pain Care Contemporary Physical Therapy Primary headaches represent a major burden, not only to patients but also to national health care systems in terms of socioeconomic consequences. Migraine incurs yearly costs of up to US$20 billion in the United States and up to US$27 billion in Europe. Patients with chronic primary headache have even greater impairment and generate more direct costs per capita than those with episodic forms. Patients with episodic cluster headache generated annual expenses of €1819 in a German sample, while those with the chronic form generated costs of €9073 per capita. Although most patients benefit from a range of acute and preventive drugs, a subgroup of patients remain refractory to treatment. For these patients, invasive techniques should be considered.